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	browser-title	Plant selection in the industrial age
	slug	plant-selection-in-the-industrial-age
	section-title	Plant selection in the industrial age
		Life exists thanks to the singularity of each organism, industry asserts itself through the uniformity of its goods.
		Living creatures reproduce themselves for free, while industry’s raison d’être is profit.
		For industrial capitalism life is this two-fold sacrilege.
	section-title	Industrial capitalism took control of selection by filing patents
		Over the last two centuries, annihilating this double sacrilege has been the task that industrial capitalism has entrusted to plant breeders and the agronomic sciences. This task is now almost complete. You only have to see the oversized, over-green industrial fields scarred by the wheels of tractors, in which no plant is higher than its neighbours, to realize that uniformity has triumphed.
		As to the other sacrilege, the patenting of life crowns two centuries of efforts aimed at putting an end to the founding practice of agriculture, that of resowing one’s own harvested seed. This means separating production from reproduction, and making reproduction the privilege of a few. Today this privilege belongs to the cartel of “life sciences” – the producers of pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, larvicides, ovocides, gametocides, bactericides, molluscicides, rodenticides, acaricides, fungicides : the “Cartel of Cides”!
	section-title	Industrial selection is based on the cloning technique to close off reproduction and multiplication
		Industrial selection is simple if you break through the genetic smokescreen. It consists of replacing a variety (i.e. the opposite of uniformity) with copies of a selected plant within the variety – with clones. This signaled the death-bell for the sacrilege of diversity. There remained, however, the other sacrilege to be dealt with, which meant putting an end to free reproduction. This miracle was achieved by the new science of genetics. The result was “hybrid” corn, the sacred cow of agronomic sciences and “paradigm” of plant breeding of the 20th century.
		The cloning technique of breeding had been used empirically with autogamous species since the beginning of the 19th century, at the same time as the expansion of the industrial revolution. In 1836 it was codified as the “isolation method”. As an autogamous clone duplicates itself exactly, the harvested cereal is also the seed for the following year. The “farmer’s privilege”, that of sowing one’s own harvested grain, remained intact.
	section-title	How the law establishes the power of industry over the selection control
		At the end of the 1920s French technocratic agronomists imposed a new system according to which varieties put on to the market must be “homogenous” and “stable”. Homogenous means that the plants must be phenotypically (visually) identical; to be considered stable an identical plant must be put on the market every year. This dual requirement means that the plants must be genetically identical or almost so. Their homogeneity and stability are controlled by an official body. If a new variety satisfies these criteria, it is registered in a Catalogue and the approved breeder receives a certificate which gives him the exclusive right to put the variety on the market. In 1960 this mechanism was adopted by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) which has now been ratified by about sixty countries.
		The certificate protects the seed producer from “piracy” of his clones by competitors, but there were still too many farmers for the seed industry to dare to attack the “farmer’s privilege”. The certificate met the needs of traditional plant breeding companies run by agronomists passionate about their work. Over the last thirty years, however, the “Cartel of Cides” has taken over the world’s seeds. This cartel considers the farmer who sows the seeds he harvests to be a “pirate”. European directive 98/44 authorizing the patenting of life is putting an end to this “piracy”.
	section-title	True plant selection cannot be industrial

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