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                "Plant selection in the industrial age"
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                "Life exists thanks to the singularity of each organism, industry asserts itself through the uniformity of its goods."
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                "Жизнь существует благодаря уникальности каждого организма, промышленность утверждает себя благодаря единообразию своих товаров."
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                "Living creatures reproduce themselves for free, while industry’s raison d’être is profit."
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                "Живые существа воспроизводят себя бесплатно, в то время как смысл существования промышленности - прибыль."
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                "For industrial capitalism life is this two-fold sacrilege."
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                "Для промышленного капитализма жизнь - это двойное кощунство."
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                "Industrial capitalism took control of selection by filing patents"
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                "Промышленный капитализм взял под контроль селекцию путем оформления патентов"
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                "Over the last two centuries, annihilating this double sacrilege has been the task that industrial capitalism has entrusted to plant breeders and the agronomic sciences. This task is now almost complete. You only have to see the oversized, over-green industrial fields scarred by the wheels of tractors, in which no plant is higher than its neighbours, to realize that uniformity has triumphed."
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                "За последние два столетия уничтожение этого двойного святотатства было задачей, которую промышленный капитализм возложил на селекционеров и агрономические науки. Сейчас эта задача почти решена. Достаточно увидеть огромные, чрезмерно зеленые промышленные поля, изрезанные колесами тракторов, на которых ни одно растение не выше своих соседей, чтобы понять, что единообразие восторжествовало."
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                "As to the other sacrilege, the patenting of life crowns two centuries of efforts aimed at putting an end to the founding practice of agriculture, that of resowing one’s own harvested seed. This means separating production from reproduction, and making reproduction the privilege of a few. Today this privilege belongs to the cartel of “life sciences” – the producers of pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, larvicides, ovocides, gametocides, bactericides, molluscicides, rodenticides, acaricides, fungicides : the “Cartel of Cides”!"
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                "Что касается другого святотатства, то патентование жизни венчает два столетия усилий, направленных на то, чтобы положить конец основополагающей практике сельского хозяйства - повторному посеву собственных собранных семян. Это означает отделение производства от воспроизводства и превращение воспроизводства в привилегию немногих. Сегодня эта привилегия принадлежит картелю \"наук о жизни\" - производителям пестицидов, гербицидов, инсектицидов, ларвицидов, овоцидов, гаметоцидов, бактерицидов, моллюскоцидов, родентицидов, акарицидов, фунгицидов: \"Картель цидов\"!"
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                "Industrial selection is based on the cloning technique to close off reproduction and multiplication"
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                "Промышленная селекция основана на технике клонирования для прекращения воспроизводства и размножения"
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            "note": "Title of a page's section. Industrial selection close off reproduction and multiplication in the sense that you cannot do it even if you would like to (it's technically locked).",
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                "Industrial selection is simple if you break through the genetic smokescreen. It consists of replacing a variety (i.e. the opposite of uniformity) with copies of a selected plant within the variety – with clones. This signaled the death-bell for the sacrilege of diversity. There remained, however, the other sacrilege to be dealt with, which meant putting an end to free reproduction. This miracle was achieved by the new science of genetics. The result was “hybrid” corn, the sacred cow of agronomic sciences and “paradigm” of plant breeding of the 20th century."
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                "Промышленная селекция проста, если прорваться сквозь генетическую дымовую завесу. Она заключается в замене сорта (т.е. противоположности единообразию) копиями выбранного растения внутри сорта - клонами. Это стало сигналом к смерти для святотатства разнообразия. Однако оставалось еще одно святотатство, с которым нужно было покончить, что означало положить конец свободному размножению. Это чудо было достигнуто с помощью новой науки - генетики. Результатом стала \"гибридная\" кукуруза, священная корова агрономических наук и \"парадигма\" селекции растений 20-го века."
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                "The cloning technique of breeding had been used empirically with autogamous species since the beginning of the 19th century, at the same time as the expansion of the industrial revolution. In 1836 it was codified as the “isolation method”. As an autogamous clone duplicates itself exactly, the harvested cereal is also the seed for the following year. The “farmer’s privilege”, that of sowing one’s own harvested grain, remained intact."
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                "Метод клонирования в селекции использовался эмпирически с автогамными видами с начала 19 века, одновременно с расширением промышленной революции. В 1836 году он был кодифицирован как \"метод изоляции\". Поскольку автогамный клон в точности дублирует себя, собранный урожай зерновых также является семенами на следующий год. Привилегия фермера - сеять собственное собранное зерно - осталась нетронутой."
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                "How the law establishes the power of industry over the selection control"
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                "Как закон устанавливает власть промышленности над селекционным контролем"
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                "At the end of the 1920s French technocratic agronomists imposed a new system according to which varieties put on to the market must be “homogenous” and “stable”. Homogenous means that the plants must be phenotypically (visually) identical; to be considered stable an identical plant must be put on the market every year. This dual requirement means that the plants must be genetically identical or almost so. Their homogeneity and stability are controlled by an official body. If a new variety satisfies these criteria, it is registered in a Catalogue and the approved breeder receives a certificate which gives him the exclusive right to put the variety on the market. In 1960 this mechanism was adopted by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) which has now been ratified by about sixty countries."
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                "В конце 1920-х годов французские агрономы-технократы ввели новую систему, согласно которой сорта, выводимые на рынок, должны быть \"однородными\" и \"стабильными\". Гомогенность означает, что растения должны быть фенотипически (визуально) идентичными; чтобы считаться стабильными, идентичное растение должно выводиться на рынок каждый год. Это двойное требование означает, что растения должны быть генетически идентичными или почти идентичными. Их однородность и стабильность контролируются официальным органом. Если новый сорт удовлетворяет этим критериям, он регистрируется в Каталоге, а утвержденный селекционер получает сертификат, который дает ему исключительное право выводить сорт на рынок. В 1960 году этот механизм был принят Международным союзом по охране новых сортов растений (УПОВ), который в настоящее время ратифицировали около шестидесяти стран."
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                "The certificate protects the seed producer from “piracy” of his clones by competitors, but there were still too many farmers for the seed industry to dare to attack the “farmer’s privilege”. The certificate met the needs of traditional plant breeding companies run by agronomists passionate about their work. Over the last thirty years, however, the “Cartel of Cides” has taken over the world’s seeds. This cartel considers the farmer who sows the seeds he harvests to be a “pirate”. European directive 98/44 authorizing the patenting of life is putting an end to this “piracy”."
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                "Сертификат защищает производителя семян от \"пиратства\" его клонов со стороны конкурентов, но фермеров было еще слишком много, чтобы семенная индустрия осмелилась покуситься на \"привилегию фермера\". Сертификат отвечал потребностям традиционных компаний по селекции растений, которыми управляли агрономы, увлеченные своей работой. Однако за последние тридцать лет \"картель сидов\" захватил власть над семенами во всем мире. Этот картель считает фермера, который сеет семена, собранные им, \"пиратом\". Европейская директива 98/44, разрешающая патентование жизни, кладет конец этому \"пиратству\"."
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            "translation": "http://translate.diyseeds.org/api/translations/diyseeds-org-articles/plant-selection-in-the-industrial-age/ru/?format=api",
            "source": [
                "True plant selection cannot be industrial"
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                "Настоящая селекция растений не может быть промышленной"
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            "note": "Title of a page's section. The industry cannot do a real work of selection because it requires years of experiment producing vegetables, it is a farmer work.",
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            "source": [
                "In short, the history of industrial plant breeding is that of destructive selection-cloning and the relentless exploitation of the diversity created by the cooperation between farmers and nature since the beginning of domestication of plants and animals. Farmers did not wait for genetics to “improve” plants. The proof lies in the great profusion of cultivated varieties and animal breeds."
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                "Одним словом, история промышленной селекции растений - это история разрушительной селекции-клонирования и неустанной эксплуатации разнообразия, созданного в результате сотрудничества фермеров с природой с самого начала одомашнивания растений и животных. Фермеры не ждали генетики, чтобы \"улучшить\" растения. Доказательством тому служит огромное количество культурных сортов и пород животных."
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            "source": [
                "In the 1980s I had the fortune to see a great wheat breeder, Claude Benoît, working in a wheat field. As far as I could see, all the plants were the same. By the end of the day, I began to crudely distinguish them. Claude Benoît could not himself explain what drew his attention to this or that plant in a crop that seemed identical to me."
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                "В 1980-х годах мне посчастливилось увидеть, как великий селекционер Клод Бенуа работал на пшеничном поле. Насколько я мог видеть, все растения были одинаковыми. К концу дня я начал грубо различать их. Клод Бенуа сам не мог объяснить, что привлекло его внимание к тому или иному растению в урожае, который казался мне одинаковым."
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                "Selection depends on a “non-codified” know-how that cannot be fully explained. The meticulous work of the plant breeder is guided by experience, by years of familiarity with the plant, by empathy or even love [1], by an acute sense of observation, by his agronomic knowledge. He does not need the geneticist [2]. The esoteric nature of genetics intimidates and discourages those who would like to become involved in selection. The aim is of course to ensure that they give up."
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                "Селекция зависит от \"некодифицированного\" ноу-хау, которое невозможно полностью объяснить. В своей кропотливой работе селекционер руководствуется опытом, многолетним знакомством с растением, сочувствием или даже любовью [1], острым чувством наблюдения, агрономическими знаниями. Генетик ему не нужен [2]. Эзотерический характер генетики пугает и отпугивает тех, кто хотел бы заняться селекцией. Цель, конечно, состоит в том, чтобы они отказались от этого."
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            "source": [
                "It is vital that our societies take back control of the selection of plants to ensure their future"
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                "Жизненно важно, чтобы наши общества вернули себе контроль над селекцией растений, чтобы обеспечить их будущее"
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            "note": "Title of a page's section. Our societies need to produce their seeds in a resilient way to ensure their future.",
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