Translation components API.

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                "Plant selection in the industrial age"
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                "Life exists thanks to the singularity of each organism, industry asserts itself through the uniformity of its goods."
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                "Living creatures reproduce themselves for free, while industry’s raison d’être is profit."
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                "Les êtres vivants se reproduisent et se multiplient gratuitement."
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                "For industrial capitalism life is this two-fold sacrilege."
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                "Pour le capitalisme industriel, la Vie est doublement sacrilège."
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                "Industrial capitalism took control of selection by filing patents"
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                "Le capitalisme industriel s’est octroyé le contrôle de la sélection en déposant des brevets"
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            "note": "Title of a page's section. Industrial capitalism took control in the sense that it has granted itself control, using force with technics and laws.",
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                "Over the last two centuries, annihilating this double sacrilege has been the task that industrial capitalism has entrusted to plant breeders and the agronomic sciences. This task is now almost complete. You only have to see the oversized, over-green industrial fields scarred by the wheels of tractors, in which no plant is higher than its neighbours, to realize that uniformity has triumphed."
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                "Depuis deux siècles, en finir avec ce double sacrilège est la tâche historique que le capitalisme industriel assigne aux sélectionneurs et aux sciences agronomiques. Elle est maintenant presque achevée. Un coup d’œil suffit sur ces champs industriels trop grands, trop verts, striés par les cicatrices des roues de tracteurs, où les plantes « font la table » (pas une ne dépasse de ses voisines), pour voir que l’uniformité règne."
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                "As to the other sacrilege, the patenting of life crowns two centuries of efforts aimed at putting an end to the founding practice of agriculture, that of resowing one’s own harvested seed. This means separating production from reproduction, and making reproduction the privilege of a few. Today this privilege belongs to the cartel of “life sciences” – the producers of pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, larvicides, ovocides, gametocides, bactericides, molluscicides, rodenticides, acaricides, fungicides : the “Cartel of Cides”!"
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                "Quant au brevetage du vivant, il couronne deux siècles d’efforts pour en finir avec la pratique fondatrice de l’agriculture, semer le grain récolté. Il s’agit de séparer la production de la reproduction, de faire de la reproduction un privilège, maintenant celui du cartel des « sciences de la vie », les fabricants de pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, larvicides, ovocides, gamétocides, bactéricides, mollusquicides, rodenticides, acaricides, nématicides, fongicides !"
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            "source": [
                "Industrial selection is based on the cloning technique to close off reproduction and multiplication"
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                "La sélection industrielle repose sur la technique du clonage pour verrouiller la reproduction et la multiplication"
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            "note": "Title of a page's section. Industrial selection close off reproduction and multiplication in the sense that you cannot do it even if you would like to (it's technically locked).",
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            "source": [
                "Industrial selection is simple if you break through the genetic smokescreen. It consists of replacing a variety (i.e. the opposite of uniformity) with copies of a selected plant within the variety – with clones. This signaled the death-bell for the sacrilege of diversity. There remained, however, the other sacrilege to be dealt with, which meant putting an end to free reproduction. This miracle was achieved by the new science of genetics. The result was “hybrid” corn, the sacred cow of agronomic sciences and “paradigm” of plant breeding of the 20th century."
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                "La sélection industrielle est simple à condition de disperser le rideau de fumée génétique. Elle consiste à remplacer une variété – le caractère d’être varié, contraire de l’uniformité – par des copies d’une plante sélectionnée au sein de la variété – par un clone. Lorsque les plantes conservent leurs caractères individuels (comme les « autogames », blé, orge, soja, etc.), le sélectionneur ne met fin qu’au sacrilège de la diversité. Lorsqu’elles ne les conservent pas, il met simultanément fin aux deux. A peine née, la science nouvelle de la génétique réussit ce miracle. C’est le mais « hybride », vache sacrée des sciences agronomiques et « paradigme » de la sélection au 20ème siècle."
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                "The cloning technique of breeding had been used empirically with autogamous species since the beginning of the 19th century, at the same time as the expansion of the industrial revolution. In 1836 it was codified as the “isolation method”. As an autogamous clone duplicates itself exactly, the harvested cereal is also the seed for the following year. The “farmer’s privilege”, that of sowing one’s own harvested grain, remained intact."
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                "La technique de sélection clonage, pratiquée empiriquement pour les espèces autogames dès le début du 19ième siècle lorsque la Révolution Industrielle prend son essor, est codifiée sous le nom de méthode de l’isolement en 1836. Un clone autogame se reproduisant à l’identique, le grain récolté est aussi la semence de l’année suivante. Le « privilège de l’agriculteur » reste entier."
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            "source": [
                "How the law establishes the power of industry over the selection control"
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                "Comment la loi assoit le pouvoir de l’industrie sur le contrôle de la sélection"
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            "note": "Title of a page's section. This title should be understood like the law validates the fact that industry controls selection.",
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                "At the end of the 1920s French technocratic agronomists imposed a new system according to which varieties put on to the market must be “homogenous” and “stable”. Homogenous means that the plants must be phenotypically (visually) identical; to be considered stable an identical plant must be put on the market every year. This dual requirement means that the plants must be genetically identical or almost so. Their homogeneity and stability are controlled by an official body. If a new variety satisfies these criteria, it is registered in a Catalogue and the approved breeder receives a certificate which gives him the exclusive right to put the variety on the market. In 1960 this mechanism was adopted by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) which has now been ratified by about sixty countries."
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                "A la fin des années 1920, les agronomes technocrates français imposent aux variétés commercialisées d’être « homogènes » et « stables ». Homogènes : les plantes doivent être phénotypiquement (visuellement) identiques. Stables : la même plante doit être offerte à la vente année après année. Cette double exigence implique que les plantes doivent être génétiquement identiques ou presque. Cette homogénéité et cette stabilité font l’objet d’un examen par un service officiel. Si une nouvelle variété satisfait ces critères, elle est inscrite à un Catalogue, et son obtenteur reçoit un certificat d’obtention végétale (COV) qui lui donne le droit exclusif de la commercialiser. En 1960, ce dispositif est repris par le traité de l’Union Pour la Protection des Obtentions Végétales (UPOV) ratifié maintenant par une soixantaine de pays."
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                "The certificate protects the seed producer from “piracy” of his clones by competitors, but there were still too many farmers for the seed industry to dare to attack the “farmer’s privilege”. The certificate met the needs of traditional plant breeding companies run by agronomists passionate about their work. Over the last thirty years, however, the “Cartel of Cides” has taken over the world’s seeds. This cartel considers the farmer who sows the seeds he harvests to be a “pirate”. European directive 98/44 authorizing the patenting of life is putting an end to this “piracy”."
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                "Le certificat d’obtention protège le semencier du « piratage » de ses clones par des concurrents, mais les  paysans sont encore trop nombreux pour qu’il ose s’en prendre au « privilège de l’agriculteur ». Il répond aux besoins des maisons traditionnelles de sélection dirigées par des agronomes passionnés par le travail de sélection. Mais depuis une trentaine d’années, le « Cartel des Cides » a pris le contrôle des semences dans le monde. Pour le Cartel, l’agriculteur qui sème le grain qu’il récolte est un « pirate ». Le brevetage du vivant, avec la directive européenne 98/44, est en train de mettre fin à ce « piratage »."
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            "source": [
                "True plant selection cannot be industrial"
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                "La véritable sélection des plantes ne peut pas être industrielle"
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            "note": "Title of a page's section. The industry cannot do a real work of selection because it requires years of experiment producing vegetables, it is a farmer work.",
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            "translation": "http://translate.diyseeds.org/api/translations/diyseeds-org-articles/plant-selection-in-the-industrial-age/fr/?format=api",
            "source": [
                "In short, the history of industrial plant breeding is that of destructive selection-cloning and the relentless exploitation of the diversity created by the cooperation between farmers and nature since the beginning of domestication of plants and animals. Farmers did not wait for genetics to “improve” plants. The proof lies in the great profusion of cultivated varieties and animal breeds."
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                "En résumé, l’histoire de la sélection industrielle est celle de l’exploitation minière par la sélection-clonage destructrice de la diversité créée par la coopération amicale entre les paysans et la nature depuis les débuts de la domestication des plantes et des animaux. Car les paysans n’ont pas attendu la génétique pour « améliorer » les plantes. En témoigne le foisonnement de variétés cultivées (et de races animales)."
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            "source": [
                "In the 1980s I had the fortune to see a great wheat breeder, Claude Benoît, working in a wheat field. As far as I could see, all the plants were the same. By the end of the day, I began to crudely distinguish them. Claude Benoît could not himself explain what drew his attention to this or that plant in a crop that seemed identical to me."
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                "Dans les années 1980, j’ai eu la chance de voir un très grand sélectionneur de blé, Claude Benoît, au travail dans un champ de blé. Au début, pour moi, les plantes étaient toutes les mêmes. A la fin de la journée, je commençais à les distinguer grossièrement. « Commençais », car Claude Benoît ne pouvait pas lui même expliquer ce qui lui faisait retenir parmi des plantes qui me paraissaient strictement semblables celle-ci plutôt que celle-là."
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            "source": [
                "Selection depends on a “non-codified” know-how that cannot be fully explained. The meticulous work of the plant breeder is guided by experience, by years of familiarity with the plant, by empathy or even love [1], by an acute sense of observation, by his agronomic knowledge. He does not need the geneticist [2]. The esoteric nature of genetics intimidates and discourages those who would like to become involved in selection. The aim is of course to ensure that they give up."
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                "C’est que sélectionner repose sur un savoir « non codifié » qui ne peut être entièrement explicité. Le travail méticuleux du sélectionneur guidé par l’expérience, par une longue familiarité avec la plante, par l’empathie pour ne pas dire l’amour [1] qu’il lui porte, par un sens aigu de l’observation, par sa connaissance agronomique, n’a pas besoin du généticien [2]. L’ésotérisme de la génétique sert plutôt à intimider ceux qui voudraient faire de la sélection, à les décourager, à faire qu’ils renoncent."
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                "It is vital that our societies take back control of the selection of plants to ensure their future"
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                "Il est vital que nos sociétés reprennent le contrôle de la sélection des plantes pour assurer leur avenir"
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            "note": "Title of a page's section. Our societies need to produce their seeds in a resilient way to ensure their future.",
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